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Select the department you want to search inole jørgen benedictow  As detailed in nearly 200 local mortality studies relating to southern and western Europe, at least half of the population died of plague

com's Ole Jørgen Benedictow Author Page. Long-range movement of the Rieske iron−sulfur protein (ISP) between the cytochrome (cyt) b and cyt c1 redox centers plays a key role in electron transfer within the cyt bc1. Ole Jørgen Benedictow (født 22. Works by Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Discover Ole Jørgen Benedictow's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. Hello Select your address Books. Benedictow. Paperback, Book. Join Facebook to connect with Benedict Ow and others you may know. “Taking “Pandemic” Seriously: Making the Black Death. Bok Forstå din mann Lisbeth Solsvik Hjortland pdf. Hardback at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!People named Ole Jørgen Ben. In his history of the Black Death Ole Jørgen Benedictow suggests that 60% of the population of Europe died in that pandemic. Edition/Format: Print book: EnglishView all editions and formats: Summary: New research, drawing on records from across Europe, throws light on the nature of the disease, its origin, spread, mortality, and its impact on history. Bok Folkeopplysning som utopi Ole Marius Hylland pdf. Mazzoni demonstrates the great opportunities offered by the new science of palaeobio-How to say Ole Jørgen Benedictow in English? Pronunciation of Ole Jørgen Benedictow with 1 audio pronunciation and more for Ole Jørgen Benedictow. 86 ; In Stock. Ole Jørgen Benedictow. , illus. book by Ole Jørgen Benedictow. History 0: Amazon. benedictow@getmail. benedictow@getmail. The Black Death 1346-1353: Benedictow, Ole J. Benedictow - the author of highly esteemed monographs and articles on the history of plague epidemics and historical demography. Search Amazon. OLE J. The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History. so Galileo Galilei, 22, 10126 Turin, Italy. See Photos. Benedictow's findings make it clear that the true mortality rate was far higher than had been previously thought: some 60% of Europe's population. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2019). Descubre más libros del autor, mira autores similares, lee blogs de autores y más. . Menganggap bilangan penduduk sekitar 6 juta, anggaran ini bersamaan dengan 3,750,000 yang mati. xvi, 433 pp. This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Édition en Anglais . 365 This is evidently also the case with respect to the dating of the start and end of the Black Death. Hardcover – January 1, 2004 . Title Plague in the late medieval Nordic countries : epidemiological studies / Ole Jørgen Benedictow. In the form of a collection of articles, the. Song, and C. Benedictow (2012-12-07) on Amazon. A truly definitive work, this magisterial study draws on the latest evidence from across Europe to show in. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. Reviews. What disease was plague? On the controversy over the microbiological identity of plague epidemics of. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more open and. it The Black Death was a disaster of huge magnitude, shaking medieval Europe and beyond to its economic and social core. us. Firstly, it is the nature of the disease that sets both the pandemics apart. The study of the. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Benedictow is an Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Oslo, Norway, and a trained medievalist with a focus on late medieval history and the early modern period. Discover more of the author’s books, see similar authors, read author blogs and more. inThe complete history of plague in Norway, 1348-1654 : the second pandemic / by Ole Jørgen Benedictow / Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars publishing , 2022; The complete history of the Black Death / Ole J. 2 ratings by Goodreads. PDF | On Mar 1, 2005, OJ Benedictow published The black death - The greatest catastrophe ever | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGateOle Jørgen Benedictow was born on 22 July, 1941 in Oslo, Norway, is a historian. 85 2026Wednesday, July 22nd. Ole Jørgen Benedictow: No, it was not inevitable, but the requirements for its arrival and devastating long-time presence in Europe increased with rising population density and local and regional trade. This book was republished by Boydell Press in 2021, but page numbers refer to the first. 1–20. Boydell Press, 2004 - Black Death - 433 pages. Opiniones de clientes. philol. This edition doesn't have a description yet. Han er professor (emeritus) i historie ved Universitetet i Oslo fra 1994. J. Benedictow - the author of highly esteemed monographs and articles on the history of plague epidemics and historical demography. Irakurri laburpena, liburuaren zatiren bat, kritikak eta iritziak. Something went wrong. Customer reviews. Plague Black Death Pestilence In Europe Revealing History After the Black Death - Susan L. Zoom by clicking on + or - in the upper right. Browse Ole Jørgen Benedictow’s best-selling audiobooks and newest titles. OK. Ole Jørgen Benedictow (Q4584876) From Wikidata. El presente libro constituye la primera historia y valoración exhaustiva de su desarrollo y de la. This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Benedictow and Ole Jørgen Benedictow First published in 2004 3 editions in 1 language Not in Library Svartedauen og senere pestepidemier i Norge: pestepidemiens historie i Norge 1348-1654 Benedictow asserts that lowered female immune reactivity due to reproductive stress led to female supermortality during the Black Death. Miniature from the Toggenburg Bible (Switzerland), 1411. The Complete History of the Black Death - Ole Jørgen Benedictow 2021 Completely revised and updated for this new edition, Benedictow's acclaimed study remains the definitive account of the Black Death and its impact on history. 48 global ratings. 10. It is a zoonosis found chiefly in feral rodents, spread in the main by infected fleas. His publications include The Medieval Demographic System of the Nordic. Ole was born on July 22, 1941 in Oslo. and Benedictow, Ole J. Books. Please try your request again later. ] See Noble David Cook (1998) – Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650. 2004 Ole Jørgen Benedictow "Benedictow's findings relating to the mortality caused by the Black Death are based on the study and synthesis of all available demographic studies. Ole Jørgen Benedictow Principal lecturer in History , The University of Oslo , Odingsgt. Ole Jørgen Benedictow rose to prime prominence as a Historian. 19, No. Ole Jørgen Benedictow (born 22 July 1941) is a Norwegian historian. Year 1346 (MCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. La Peste Negra fue un desastre de tal magnitud que no sólo sacudió los cimientos económicos y sociales del Viejo Mundo, sino que cambió el curso de la historia humana. 72 ordu baino lehen etxean. Contents. Death typically came within two days. However, bubonic plague may lead to pneumonic plague. 3. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more open and connected. But the name was being used by. Detaljer. The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History. ca. Join Facebook to connect with Ole Jørgen Benedictow and others you may know. Bok Hilsen ved midnatt Orlando Figes pdf. Morelli, Y. Ole Jørgen Benedictow (born 22 July 1941) is a Norwegian historian. The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History Relié – 25 octobre 2004 . com - ISBN 10: 1843832143 - ISBN 13: 9781843832140 - Boydell & Brewer Ltd - 2008 - Tapa blandaThe Complete History of Plague in Norway, 1348-1654 [Ole Jørgen Benedictow] on Amazon. Editions for The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History: 1843832143 (Paperback published in 2006), (Hardcover published in 2011), 0851159435 (Hardco. Ole Benedictow here draws upon new scholarship and research to present a comprehensive, definitive account of the Black Death and its impact on European history. Bind 5. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. In the form of a collection of articles, the author presents an in-depth monographic study on the history of plague epidemics in. by Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Prva knjiga: Anžuvinci i Sigismund do gubitka Dalmacije (1301-1409), Vjekoslav Klaić (archive. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data . Previous Appointments of Ole Joergen Benedictow CLIOSERVICE LTD (dissolved) 09 November 2004 - 29 June 2010 Ole Joergen Benedictow worked as a Director (COMPANY DIRECTOR) in CLIOSERVICE LTDBlack Death and Later Plague Epidemics in the Scandinavian Countries : by Ole Jørgen Benedictow, 2016, de Gruyter GmbH, Walter edition, in English. 25 €-tik aurrera bidalketa doan. by Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Discover more of the author’s books, see similar authors, read author blogs. Ole Jørgen Benedictow was a student at University of Oslo from 1961–68, receiving his Cand Philol in 1968, with thesis on medieval history. Moseng's Composite Theory", which has recently become. 17. 1. The Sex-Selective Impact of the Black Death and Recurring Plagues in the Southern Netherlands, 1349-1450. Book details & editionsView the profiles of people named Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more open and connected. Menu. 1985. Ole Jørgen Skarre Solberg is on Facebook. Jörgen Lindborg is on Facebook. Movies. Career. 4,3 de 5. 20 7 Nuevo desde US$28. Amazon. 85 avg rating, 84 ratings, 21 reviews, published 2004), Norges historie. Delivering to Sydney 1171 To change, sign in or enter a postcode Books. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology . Account & Lists Returns & Orders. Join Facebook to connect with Ole Jørgen Benedictow and others you may know. Career []. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History de Benedictow, OLE J. Mazzoni demonstrates the great opportunities offered by the new science of palaeobio- The Black Death, 1346-1353. Benedict Ow is on Facebook. Ole Jørgen Benedictow was born on 22 July, 1941 in Oslo, Norway, is a historian. : The best introduction to the terrible international impact of the Black Death. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Morelli, Y. This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Ole Jørgen Benedictow. : ill, maps ; 21 cm. Benedictow. Unique, sensational and shocking,. Having spent his entire professional career at the University of Oslo, he is especially known for his work on plagues, especially the Black Death . Edit. Date: 1985. 4 out of 5 stars 48 ratings. where they discuss my presentation of the problems in my 1992 doctoralDr. 25 MB. 00 Learn more. Song, and C. This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Completely revised and updated for this new edition, Benedictow's acclaimed study remains the definitive account of the Black Death and its impact on history. The pandemic was constituted by a number of plague epidemics in this period, a distinction to which I will return in the concluding section of this essay. New Condition: NEW Hardcover. OK. Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Time of Birth:Leder du efter bøger skrevet af Ole Jørgen Benedictow? SAXO. Something went wrong. In the form of a collection of articles, the author presents an in-depth monographic study on the history of plague epidemics in Scandinavian countries and on controversies of the. 100 2041Monday, July 22nd. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004. Benedictow; Ole J Benedictow; edit. Unique, sensational and shocking, this revelatory book provides the best overview of the Europe-wide history of the Black Death. Epidemiology of Plague: Problems with the Use of Mathematical Epidemiological Models in Plague Research and the Question of Transmission by Human Fleas and Lice. Han er professor (emeritus) i historie ved Universitetet i Oslo fra 1994. A proponent of this is Norwegian Black Death expert Ole Jørgen Benedictow, who claims in his book The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History, "Communist authorities. 93) None: Unique, sensational and shocking, this revelatory book provides, for the first time, a complete Europe-wide history of the Black Death. Frid Ingulstad; J. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen: The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History, The Boydell Press 2004 Svezak drugi: dio prvi. Ole Jørgen Benedictow (born 22 July 1941) is a Norwegian historian. - Oie Jørgen use techniques and methods from Dr. Benedictow; Ole J Benedictow; Statements. Having spent his entire professional career at the University of Oslo, he is especially known for his work on plagues, especially the Black Death. 44. no III. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Abstract. 08. Ole J. Norwegian historian. Plague in the late medieval Nordic countries by Ole Jørgen Benedictow, 1992, Middelalderforlaget edition, in English. Advertisement. UIO Vitenskapelig oversiktsartikkel/review Epidemiology of Plague: Problems with the Use of Mathematical Epidemiological Models in Plague Research and the Question of. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology . Ole Georg Moseng, Den flyktige pesten : vilkårene for epidemier i Noreg i seinmiddelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo 2006; Ole Jørgen Benedictow, Svartedauen og senere pestepidemier i Noreg : pestepidemiens historie i Noreg 1348-1654 Oslo 2002 ISBN 82-7477-108-7; Noter Sidan redigerades senast den 12 september 2022 kl. Ole Jørgen Skarre Solberg is on Facebook. The author's painstakingly comprehensive research throws fresh light on the nature of the disease, its origin, its spread, on an almost day-to-day. 30 avg rating — 243,199 ratings. Jørgen Benedictow O, Fornaciari G, Giuffra V. The Ross Library – One available in Main 614. Benedictow, Cand. Seller: Brook Bookstore (Milano, MI, Italy) Rating Seller Rating:. eBay; Books, Movies & Music; Books & MagazinesBenedictow's findings made it clear that the true mortality rate was far higher than had been previously thought. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History by Ole J. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen Benedictow, October 25, 2004, Boydell Press edition, Hardcover in English. Benedictow: What Disease was Plague? On the Controversy over the Microbiological Identity of Plague Epidemics of the Past. Cambridge University Press. Published by Boydell & Brewer (2021) ISBN 10: 1783275162 ISBN 13: 9781783275168. Language. com: The medieval demographic system of the Nordic countries (9788291114019) by Benedictow, Ole Jørgen and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. Ole Jørgen Benedictow De Gruyter Open , 2016 - History - 736 pages This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. World Without End (Kingsbridge, #2) by. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. Benedictow OJ. Ole Jørgen Benedictow. ca. Publication/Creation. View the profiles of professionals named "Ole Benedictow" on LinkedIn. Check nearby libraries. Having spent his entire professional career at the University of Oslo, he is especially known for his work on plagues, especially the Black Death. OK. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more open and connected. 1–20. View More. A proponent of this is Norwegian Black Death expert Ole Jørgen Benedictow, who claims in his book The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History, "Communist authorities and ideological watchdogs prevented serious research on the Black Death and the following plague epidemics, suspecting (correctly) that this study could establish disturbing. Benedictow (2011-01-07) on Amazon. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2019). Cart All. Ole Benedictow argues that since the first clear reports of the Black Death come from Kaffa, the Black Death most likely originated in the nearby plague focus on the northwestern. Ole Jørgen Benedictow was born on 22 July, 1941 in Oslo, Norway, is a historian. Description 1 online resource. Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole, of 60 per cent. 4. Entrega en Lebanon 66952 Actualizar. Ediciones AKAL, Sep 8, 2011 - History - 592 pages. Kajian 2004 oleh Ole Jørgen Benedictow mencadangkan kadar kematian amat tinggi pada 62. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. Ole Jørgen Benedictow photos, including production stills, premiere photos and other event photos, publicity photos, behind-the-scenes, and more. 00. ca. Ole Jørgen Benedictow (born 22 July 1941) is a Norwegian historian. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “The Black Death 1346-1353” by Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Hello, sign in. The Complete History of the Black Death. Ole Jørgen Benedictow Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG , Dec 19, 2016 - History - 736 pages This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Discover more of the author’s books, see similar authors, read author blogs and more. flag. Having spent his entire professional career at the University of Oslo, he is especially known for his work on plagues, especially the Black Death. $693. La Peste Negra, 1346-1353: La historia completa Hardcover – September 8, 2011 . Overview. Olen Ben. Having spent his entire professional career at the University of Oslo, he is especially known for his work on plagues, especially the Black Death. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History by Ole J. The feud ended with the extinction of the male Tre Rosor line in Norway, and a stronger monarchy in Norway. Publisher. Kennedy'sOle Jørgen Benedictow. doi: 10. Further Reading: The Black Death, 1346-1353. 12 6 New from $254. Open the map in a larger window by clicking on the expand arrows in the upper left. Find alle bøger af forfatteren Ole Jørgen Benedictow her. erally, since, as Benedictow argues, mortality was higher in the countryside, where there was a higher ratio of rat families to human families than in towns. , Benedictow, Ole J and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks. Qualifies for Free Shipping . com. Rate this book. Pandemics have been a dark part of global history. Corpus ID: 160723187 "The Medieval Demographic System of the Nordic Countries", Ole Jørgen Benedictow, Oslo 1993 : [recenzja] / Michał Kopczyński. , 2004; pp. (No price given). Since then, scholarship on the pandemic to trump all other known pandemics has burgeoned, which justifies this greatly expanded and extensively rewritten second. Benedictow - the author of highly esteemed monographs and articles on the history of plague epidemics and historical demography. Forfatter og professor Ole Jørgen Benedictow, til daglig ansatt ved historisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History by Ole J. A truly definitive work, this magisterial study draws on the latest evidence from across Europe to show in exhaustive detail. 2021. : Foreign Language Books1346. 84 ratings21 reviews. Join Facebook to connect with Ole Jørgen Benedictow and others you may know. The Black Death was a disaster of huge magnitude, shaking medieval. Cambridge Scholars Publishing . In the present paper the evidence is presented and related to problems currently debated. A catalogue record. Language Label Description Also known as; English: Ole Jørgen Benedictow. by Ole Jørgen Benedictow (Author) Previous page. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. Benedictow - the author of highly esteemed monographs and articles on the history of plague epidemics and historical demography. Ole Jørgen Benedictow believes that this indicates it was an offshoot of the first plague pandemic which made its way eastward to Chinese territory by around 600. Ole Jrgen Benedictow's Birth chart, kundli, astrology data and forecast, love and romance, relationship compatibility, and important life phases and events. Benedictow - the author of highly esteemed monographs and articles on the history of plague epidemics and historical demography. 85 avg rating, 84 ratings, 21 reviews, published 2004), Norges historie. The Krummedige-Tre Rosor feud was a feud that took place from 1448 to 1502 between the Norwegian noble families, Krummedige and Tre Rosor. This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Čeština (cs) Deutsch (de) English (en) Español (es) Français (fr) Hrvatski (hr) Italiano (it) Português (pt). £30). , illus. The Black Death 1346 - 1353 : the complete history. Ole Jørgen Benedictow Boydell & Brewer , 2004 - Black Death - 433 pages The Black Death was a disaster of such magnitude that it not only shook the Old World to its economic and social foundations, but changed the course of human history. This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History by Ole J. Benedictow - the author of highly esteemed monographs and articles on the history of plague epidemics and historical demography. This article was first published in the July 2015 issue of BBC History Magazine. As detailed in nearly 200 local mortality studies relating to southern and western Europe, at least half of the population died of plague . By Ole Jørgen Benedictow . . Ole Jørgen Solberg is on Facebook. The Black Death, 1346-1353. com har alle dine yndlingsforfattere. Search Amazon. HISTORICAL REVIEW Quinto Tiberio Angelerio and New Measures for Controlling Plague in 16th-Century Alghero, Sardinia Raffaella Bianucci, Ole Jørgen Benedictow, Gino Fornaciari, and Valentina Giuffra Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Stimulated by earlier observations that epidemic Yersinia pestis, has been responsible for at. Ole Jørgen Benedictow is known for Brille (2012). Ole Jørgen bruke teknikker og metoder fra Dr. Having spent his entire professional career at the University of Oslo, he is especially known for his work on plagues, especially the Black Death. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. Ole Jørgen Benedictow. In the form of a collection of. Epidemiology of Plague: Problems with the Use of Mathematical Epidemiological Models in Plague Research and the Question of Transmission by Human Fleas and Lice. Ole Jørgen Benedictow 2016, The Black Death and Later Plague Epidemics in the Scandinavian Countries: Perspectives and Controversies, Berlin: De Greuter In this chapter of my 2016 monograph, I analyse "The Eight Theory on the Plague Epidemics of the Past: Discussion of Ole G. Language. Ole Jørgen Benedictow is a Norwegian historian. It gives the highest estimates. Ole J. Une erreur est survenue. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Oct 1, 2005Ole J. 229 pages, Unknown Binding. An examination of the available literature raises questions concerning the degree to which plague, and its recurrence, directly affected population decline in Norway during the Late Middle Ages. J. Epidemiology of Plague: Problems with the Use of Mathematical Epidemiological Models in Plague Research and the Question of. What people are saying - Write a review. Yfirlýsingin er vitaskuld alveg út í hött og má skrifa á reikning lélegs norsk sagnfræðings. The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), a carpenter from Billund. Author(s): Benedictow,Ole Jørgen Title(s): The Black Death, 1346-1353 : the complete history/ Ole J. 2004 . The research was led by Cesana and her colleagues Ole Jørgen Benedictow, a plague historian at the University of Oslo, and Raffaella Bianucci, a bioanthropologist at the University of Warwick in. Studies Black Death, Paleodemography, and Palaeopathology. Quantity:. J. The Archaeology of the Second Plague Pandemic: An Overview of French Funerary Contexts Raffaella Bianucci University of Torino Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Legal Medicine Laboratory of Criminalistic. com. Benedictow (2012-12-07): Ole J. human. by Ole J. The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History 0: Amazon. august 2004): «Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt», Forskning. Literatura. . : Libros. Ole J. 493-552. com: Study Guide: The Black Death 1346-1353 by Ole Jørgen Benedictow (SuperSummary) eBook : SuperSummary: Kindle StoreAbeBooks. 14 Ole J. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. The Black Death and later plague epidemics in the Scandinavian countries : perspectives and controversies / This monograph represents an expansion and deepening of previous works by Ole J. Ole Bent Jørgensen. La peste negra (1346-1353) La historia completa. On this site which analyses celebrities, Ole is well known as one of the top stars. [See Benedictow (2004) – The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. juni 1935 nr. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read; Share. Want to read. Ole Jørgen Benedictow. Book Description "Benedictow's findings relating to the mortality caused by the Black Death are based on the study and synthesis of all available demographic studies. Bok Forsoningen Hannah Widell pdf. Ole Jørgen Benedictow, Raffaella Bianucci, Sacha Kacki, and Ingrid Wiechmann Perspectives Issue 2012/3 The infectious disease known as the Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis . He served as. Google Scholar See the articles in Holmsen and Simensen (eds), Norske historikere i utvalg (1968). Omitir e ir al contenido principal. 1155/2019/1542024 . Callow and C. For five centuries. Vandast því málin. The Black Death, 1346-1353 2004 Ole Jørgen Benedictow This study of the Black Death considers the nature of the disease, its origin, spread, mortality and its impact on history. The Black Death 1346-1353, A Complete History Hardcover – 1 Jan. 12 Sermons is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1897. 2019:1542024, s. The ,,,). Mazzoni demonstrates the great opportunities offered by the new science of palaeobio-Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2019).